The Great Sphinx of Giza, a monumental figure in ancient Egyptian civilization, plays a key role in any Egypt and Nile cruise adventure in 2020. Its origins, purpose, and construction are shrouded in mystery and intrigue, sparking numerous questions and theories.
The Meaning of the Sphinx:
- “Sphinx” is a term not exclusive to ancient Egypt but also used in Greece and parts of South and Southeast Asia.
- These mythological creatures typically featured a lion’s body and a human head, with variations like wings in some cultures.
- The name “Sphinx” emerged nearly 2000 years after its construction, derived from Greek mythology.
- In Arabic, it is known as “Abu al-Haul,” meaning “the terrifying one.”
Construction of the Great Sphinx:
- The Sphinx measures about 73 meters (240 feet) in length and 20 meters (66 feet) in height.
- It is believed to have been built during Pharaoh Khafre’s reign in the Old Kingdom.
- Carved directly from the bedrock of the Giza Plateau, it is part of the same complex as the Pyramids of Giza.
- The Sphinx’s body was constructed from layers of limestone, each with varying resistance to erosion.
Theories on the Builder:
- The prevailing theory is that the Great Sphinx was built around 2500 BC for Pharaoh Khafre.
- Evidence supporting this includes its proximity to the Valley Temple and design similarities to other structures from Khafre’s era.
- The Sphinx was buried up to its neck in the sand until early excavations began around 1400 BC under Thutmose IV.
Repairs and Restoration:
- The last significant repairs were made in 1931, addressing erosion and damage to the structure.
- The missing beard and nose of the Sphinx have sparked various theories, including damage by Napoleon’s troops or an act of iconoclasm by Mohammed Salim al-Dar, as noted by Arab historian Al-Makrizi.
Visiting the Sphinx:
- The Great Sphinx can be visited as part of a Cairo tour.
- For those in Luxor, an over-day trip to Cairo by flight is an option. Visitors can enjoy a hot air balloon flight with Balloon Over Luxor, then fly to Cairo to see the Sphinx, the Pyramids of Giza, and the Egyptian Museum, before returning to Luxor.
This ancient marvel continues to fascinate visitors with its majestic presence and enigmatic history, making it a must-see destination in Egypt.
